The introduction of fish skin as a biological dressing for treating burns and wounds holds great
promise, offering an alternative to existing management strategies. However, the risk of disease
transmission is a significant concern. Therefore, this study aimed to examine how established
sterilization and preservation procedures affected fish skin grafts’ microbiological and histological
properties for long‑term usage. Lyophilization of the fish skin graft followed by rehydration in
normal saline for 15 min did not change the collagen content. Furthermore, gamma irradiation of
the lyophilized fish skin graft at different lengths 5, 10, and 25 KGy showed a significant reduction in
microbial growth (aerobic bacteria, aerobic yeasts, and fungi) at 15‑ and 30 days after the irradiation.
However, exposure to 10 KGy was found to be the most effective intensity among the different
gamma irradiation lengths since it preserved the collagen fiber content and intensity in the lyophilized
fish skin grafts at 15‑ and 30 days after the irradiation. These findings provide efficient preservation
and sterilization methods for long‑term usage of the fresh Tilapia skin grafts used for biological
dressings.

Heterocyclic moieties, such as benzimidazole, are examples of important nuclei that have found widespread use in a variety of scientific subfields, such as medical and applied chemistry. In this study, we described the photocatalytic synthesis of numerous different benzimidazole derivatives using a solid-state acid composed of zirconium oxosulfate embedded into carbon (ZrOSO₄@C). A metal-organic framework (MOF), known as UiO-66, was used as a precursor for the synthesis of ZrOSO₄@C via carbonization in the presence of sulfuric acid. ZrOSO₄@C was able to catalyze the reaction effectively, allowing for a condensation and cyclization to take place in a single vessel, which resulted in a high yield (77–98%) of benzimidazoles that were of high purity with the byproducts of water, and hydrogen (H₂) gas. Our catalyst allowed for an improvement in the synthesis of many different benzimidazole derivatives by …

The present paper aims to use natural biodegradable polymers of chitosan (CS) and cellulose (CEL) to synthesize green chitosan-cellulose (CS-CEL) nanocomposite as a new clarifying agent. This is the cutting-edge of the sugar industry's clarification process. The CS-CEL nanocomposite showed outstanding results in zeta potential analysis, with a maximum value (+) 57.73 mV, leading to remarkable results in color adsorption via electrostatic attraction. It was also observed that CS-CEL has high mechanical stability. When CS and CS-CEL nanocomposite were used in the clarification of sugarcane (MJ), the findings demonstrated an improvement in color removal of up to 8.7% using CS and 18.1% using CS-CEL nanocomposite compared to currently phosphotation clarification process. Also, Turbidity decreased using CS-CEL nanocomposite compared to the traditional phosphotation clarification process. Overall …

Nanomaterials (NMs) have distinctive physicochemical characteristics and offer adaptable scaffolds for biomolecule functionalization. NMs have such a wide range of properties and use that a general evaluation of their health and environmental concerns is impossible. A necessary component of sustainable development is the application of nanotechnology (NT) research in the agricultural sector. The green revolution and new farming techniques have significantly increased crop yield but gradually reduced soil micronutrients, including Zn, Mo, and Fe. It is possible to employ NT to increase the availability of micronutrients for plants. The significant interests of using NT in agriculture include specific applications like nano-fertilizers and nano-pesticides to trail products and nutrient levels to increase productivity without contamination of soils and waters and protection against several insect pests and microbial …

Carbon dots (CDs) with small particles less than 10 nm offered unique electrochemical properties. They can be synthesized via various methods using abundant carbon sources. The electrochemical properties of CDs can be optimized via several strategies, including doping with heteroatoms, optimizing the synthesis conditions, and postsynthetic procedures. CDs can be used as suitable electron transporters. They exhibit several advantages, such as a large surface area that offers simple electrode fabrication and enables a high contact area with the investigated analyte. The electrochemical properties of CDs have advanced the analysis of different analytes, including heavy metals ions, biomarkers, hydrogen peroxide, drugs, and other species. The functional groups of CDs provided strong interactions with the vast number of analytes promoting direct electron transfer. CDs offered high sensitivity, good selectivity, and promising properties for analyzing real samples.

Carbon dots (CDs) have been used as a fluorescence probe to sense heavy metal ions. They can be synthesized using cheap sources and offer good optical properties. They provide good photoluminescence properties. The fluorescence emission of CDs can be tuned by controlling particle size, selecting suitable excitation wavelength, and changing the chemical composition via doping with heteroatoms. The synthesis procedure can also affect the optical properties of the synthesized CDs. The unique optical emission enables the sensing of heavy metals, including biological heavy metals (e.g., Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺) and toxic metals (e.g., Pb²⁺, As³⁺, Ag⁺, ClO⁻). CDs as fluorescence probes enable a low detection limit and a good linear relationship for a wide concentration range. They can be applied for actual samples with promising properties for assembling electronic devices. This book chapter summarizes the applications of CDs as fluorescence probes to detect heavy metal ions.

Polysaccharides are widely used for several applications, including biomedical science. They can be used in tablet formulation, coating biomedical implants, dental implants, tumor-targeting implants and regenerative medicine, bone and tissue engineering, and drug delivery. They are biocompatible, exhibit low toxicity, and require low cost. Several polysaccharides can be extracted from plants, animals, and microorganisms. Polysaccharides exhibit high performance as implants. Drug loading or release using polysaccharides is optimal compared to conventional polymers. This book chapter summarized the applications of polysaccharides for biomedical implants. It can be a brief introduction for the researchers and scientists looking for biomedical implants using polysaccharides.

The utilization of graphene (G)-based materials e.g., graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO) has significantly enhanced the field of mass spectrometry. G-based materials in question constitute a comprehensive collection that offers a wide range of applications, notably in the field of laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). They enable the identification of many biological entities such as proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, and small compounds. G-based matrices offer high sensitivity. Graphene derivatives have been utilized in several advanced techniques, such as surface-assisted LDI-MS (SALDI-MS), surface-enhanced LDI-MS (SELDI-MS), and graphene-assisted LDI-MS (GALDI-MS). These methodologies demonstrate interferences-free spectra within the low mass range (50–1000 Da). They offered soft ionization MS and can be effectively utilized for the analysis of labile biomolecules.

Gene and vaccine delivery offer promising technologies for the treatment of several diseases. However, they suffer from low transfection efficacy, enzyme degradation, and immunogenicity of the gene-based therapeutic agents or vaccines. Thus, several materials were reported as carriers for gene therapeutic agents. Alginates-based materials provide solutions for several challenges of other biomaterials. They exhibit high biocompatibility for many biological cells with low or minimal toxicity, show high stability under different environments, and can proceed quickly into various forms such as beads, capsules, fibers, and hydrogels. Bio-beads of calcium alginate is widely used to encapsulate gene-based therapeutic agents. They can be quickly processed as three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds, hydrogels, capsules, spheres, foams, sponges, and fibers. They can be used as carriers for gene and vaccine delivery. They offer several advantages, such as high biodegradability, good encapsulation efficiency, excellent biocompatibility, and good chelating capacity. The alginate-based system was used for gene delivery for tissue generation, bone generation, cartilage repair, and cancer therapy. Alginate-based biomaterials offered the development of gene-activated bio-inks (GABs) for 3D printing. This book chapter summarizes the applications of alginate as carriers for gene and vaccine delivery.