Valacyclovir (VAL), as a prodrug to acyclovir antiviral agent, has recently held a lot of interest for its efficacy boosting owing to the significant improvement in bioavailability. This makes it a successful candidate in the management of herpes simplex strains as well as CORONA viruses. In this work a carbon nano dot-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has been optimized as potentiometric sensor for the assay of VAL through a systematic approach. A mixture components of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane have been selected and fine-tuned for optimum sensitivity and selectivity. The best results have been obtained by drop casting a blend in % w/w of PVC; 30.85, tricrasyl phosphate (TCP) as plasticizer; 64.32, phosphotungstic acid (PT) as cation exchanger; 1.61 and phosphorus – nitrogen-doped carbon nano-dots (PNCDs); 3.22 over the GCE. The density function theory (DFT) calculations have been applied …

Developing efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts using transition metals (TMs) is critical for enhancing electrocatalytic water splitting. This study examines the OER performance of Fe–Ni–S layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanostructures with sulfate-ion intercalation in various hierarchical configurations. These LDH hierarchical structures are electrodeposited in different processes, including one-step electrodeposition of FeS nanoflakes, NiS nanoflowers, and FeNiS nanoflowers, as well as two-step electrodeposition of FeNiS@NiS nanoflakes and FeNiS@FeS nanoflowers. The variation in heterostructure configurations considerably influences the morphology of the electrodeposited films, promoting the formation of interfacial synergy pathways between various active bonding states. The hierarchical FeNiS@FeS LDH nanoflowers demonstrate the optimal hetero structure combination for enhanced OER performance, exhibiting low overpotentials of 226 and 234 mV to reach current densities of 50 and 100 mA cm 2 , respectively, and a low Tafel slope of 27 mV•dec LDH structures exhibit high stability for 50 h at 50 mA cm 2 1 . All hierarchical . Notably, the fabricated FeNiS@FeS LDH nano f lowers outperform those reported in previous studies.

In the Shushan Basin, we examined the organic matter under transmitted light microscopy for spore coloration index (SCI) and kerogen type assessment. We used this index to estimate tentative values of the Thermal Alteration Index (TAI) and the Vitrinite Reflectance (Ro) that are equivalent to these SCI values on available standard color charts. Based on that, we inferred the degree of the thermal maturity of the investigated Early (to earliest Late) Cretaceous rock units. We confirmed their previously described high potential as sources of hydrocarbons. However, the Alam El-Bueib, Alamein, Dahab, Kharita, and Bahariya formations contain abundant AOM, frequent opaque phytoclasts, and common non-opaques, indicating oil- and gas-prone kerogen types II and III and reflect mature to overmature hydrocarbon generation potentiality.

We re-assessed and re-evaluated the diverse spores and pollen associations, presently recovered from clastics of the Shushan Basin. Eight (informal) Early Cretaceous (Valanginian to middle Cenomanian) spores/pollen zones are suggested, dated and correlated with regional/interregional records. Palynological dating offered bases for borehole stratigraphic resolution and basin correlation. It permitted revision of the homogeneous Early Cretaceous sediments of the borehole. Intrabasinal correlation, based on closely-spaced palynologicallyproductive samples, revealed the existence of an undetected sediment hiatus east of the basin, manifested by the wedging/missing of the Aptian Dahab clastics from west to east. The Shushan palynoflora exhibits great similarity with their counterparts in other provinces of the Northern Gondwana continent. But, however, A fern-dominated hygrophilous spores, along with Classopollis pollen, validated previous assumptions that humid conditions were responsible for the delayed appearance and scarcity of Dicheiropollis pollen in NE Africa (Egypt, Libya and Sudan), by the late Hauterivian. This humidity is thought to have triggered the production of Afropollis in the regional North African records, which reached an acme. Three main peaks of this pollen are inferred from the late Aptian, early Albian and early-middle Cenomanian intervals of the Shushan-1X well. Chronologically, these peaks can be of great stratigraphic value in NE Africa or other areas in Northern Gondwana that witnessed wet palaeoclimates during the Early Cretaceous.

Availability in Egypt is minimal due to a real restriction on the quantity and quality of acceptable water; it is also increasingly in demand, particularly since the reduction in the share in the Nile following the construction of the Renaissance Dam in Ethiopia. At the same time, the need for water increases due to population growth, industrial development and the cultivation of desert land. The country depends significantly on its water supply on the groundwater. Wadi Qena represents one of the most promising valleys, on which the government depends for land reclamations and developments. This study aims to assess groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes by integrating quantitative analyses and GIS techniques. To achieve this goal, 17 groundwater samples were collected from the Quaternary and Nubian aquifer from the middle and southern part of the Wadi. Chemical analysis of the major cations and anions was carried out at Assuit’s Regional Soil Fertility Laboratory. Maps of chemical variables are created using statistical tools by combining observations with interpolation models that can incorporate simple process relations. Major ions, total salinity, Na%, SAR, EC, RSC, PI, MH, KR, SSP, TH, and Cl− were used to assess the groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. Schoeller’s, Stiff’s, and Piper’s, diagrams were used to determine the hydrochemical facies of groundwater in the area. The hydrochemical composition reflects that Sodium–Chloride is the main water type in the study area, and in the sequence of the cations and anions, 100% of the groundwater samples are in the order Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+/Cl− > SO42− > HCO3−. Comparative analysis against standard quality guidelines indicated that most groundwater samples exceeded safe levels for major constituents, TDS, TH, pH, and EC, making them unsuitable for drinking but potentially suitable for irrigation of high salt-tolerant crops. The results of hydrochemical analysis maps and analytical diagrams of groundwater samples revealed that the water was characterized by natural to alkali and the total dissolved solids (TDS) increasing from the Nubian to Quaternary and high ranges of sodium absorption (SAR). The GIS-spatial model indicated that the southwest part and northwest part represented the highest and lowest suitability, respectively, for drinking water purposes. In contrast, the northwest part and southwest parts represented the highest and lowest suitability, respectively, for irrigation purposes. This is confirmed by the values of Na+, SAR, EC, RSC, PI, MH, KR, SSP, TH, and Cl−. The values of Na+, SAR, EC, RSC, PI, MH, KR, SSP, TH, and Cl confirm this. The study lists corrective measures to improve groundwater quality using monitoring systems, efficient irrigation techniques, localized desalination, artificial recharge projects, stricter waste management and agricultural policies that will minimize sources of contamination. This study’s proposed model offers a promising and potentially universal tool for water quality assessment in the Nile basin and similar settings worldwide with the innovative model presented in this study.