This paper presents an approach using gm/ID methodology for the design of the regulated cascode circuit (RGC) transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for optical receivers. The framework uses lookup tables produced using the gm/ID methodology to define the sizing of the transistors needed to reach the required specifications. The framework has the advantage of setting limits on the design space using intuitive equations derived from the circuit analyses. This gives insight into the effect of changing the value of different circuit parameters on the resulting design while decreasing the time to reach the desired design. The framework gives the flexibility to minimize the DC power consumption or the total input referred noise. The framework is implemented in a 130 nm CMOS process with a 1.5 V supply voltage producing two different designs. Both designs met the required specifications while optimizing power consumption

The objective of the study is to investigate the influence of seismic analysis of tunnel systems (single and twin tunnels). The seismic analysis is significant for tunnel projects in urban cities to avoid the collapse of tunnels in this crowded city due to displacements generated as a result of earthquake waves. A case study is The Greater Cairo metro line No.4, Phase No.1. To evaluate the influence of seismic waves on single and twin tunnels, four cases were simulated, the first case of a single tunnel and three cases of twin tunnels. For more serious understanding of the issue of seismic waves on twin tunnels, the horizontal, vertical and diagonal alignment are analyzed.. Total displacement was presented for tunnel systems. Moreover, induced internal forces in tunnel lining have been computed. The paper presents a two-dimensional model using numerical simulations by PLAXIS program. Based on the calculated result, a higher displacement occurs in tunnel lining during the earthquake. The maximum change of internal forces during an earthquake occurs in shear force, then bending moment. Moreover, the normal force of tunnel lining is less affected by seismic actions.

The objective of the study is to investigate the influence of seismic analysis of tunnel systems (single and twin tunnels). The seismic analysis is significant for tunnel projects in urban cities to avoid the collapse of tunnels in this crowded city due to displacements generated as a result of earthquake waves. A case study is The Greater Cairo metro line No.4, Phase No.1. To evaluate the influence of seismic waves on single and twin tunnels, four cases were simulated, the first case of a single tunnel and three cases of twin tunnels. For more serious understanding of the issue of seismic waves on twin tunnels, the horizontal, vertical and diagonal alignment are analyzed.. Total displacement was presented for tunnel systems. Moreover, induced internal forces in tunnel lining have been computed. The paper presents a two-dimensional model using numerical simulations by PLAXIS program. Based on the calculated result, a higher displacement occurs in tunnel lining during the earthquake. The maximum change of internal forces during an earthquake occurs in shear force, then bending moment. Moreover, the normal force of tunnel lining is less affected by seismic actions.

The objective of the study is to investigate the influence of seismic analysis of tunnel systems (single and twin tunnels). The seismic analysis is significant for tunnel projects in urban cities to avoid the collapse of tunnels in this crowded city due to displacements generated as a result of earthquake waves. A case study is The Greater Cairo metro line No.4, Phase No.1. To evaluate the influence of seismic waves on single and twin tunnels, four cases were simulated, the first case of a single tunnel and three cases of twin tunnels. For more serious understanding of the issue of seismic waves on twin tunnels, the horizontal, vertical and diagonal alignment are analyzed.. Total displacement was presented for tunnel systems. Moreover, induced internal forces in tunnel lining have been computed. The paper presents a two-dimensional model using numerical simulations by PLAXIS program. Based on the calculated result, a higher displacement occurs in tunnel lining during the earthquake. The maximum change of internal forces during an earthquake occurs in shear force, then bending moment. Moreover, the normal force of tunnel lining is less affected by seismic actions.

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The increased penetration of photovoltaics (PVs) within power system on both islanded and grid-tied inverters encourages researchers to develop several maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. The main target of this chapter is to enable PV systems to participate effectively in power systems by harvesting the possible PV maximum power from a solar panel. Two evolutionary algorithms for MPPT were developed and compared, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and the recent cuckoo search (CS). The proposed controllers employ DC/DC boost converter to harvest the maximum power available from the PV resource. System programming and modeling is done using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The obtained results are compared with the mature perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm under several operating conditions such as irradiance, temperature, and partial shading. The developed controllers require only the PV voltage and current, which makes them economically cost and attractive in the PV transient and steady-state operating conditions.

The increased penetration of photovoltaics (PVs) within power system on both islanded and grid-tied inverters encourages researchers to develop several maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. The main target of this chapter is to enable PV systems to participate effectively in power systems by harvesting the possible PV maximum power from a solar panel. Two evolutionary algorithms for MPPT were developed and compared, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and the recent cuckoo search (CS). The proposed controllers employ DC/DC boost converter to harvest the maximum power available from the PV resource. System programming and modeling is done using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The obtained results are compared with the mature perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm under several operating conditions such as irradiance, temperature, and partial shading. The developed controllers require only the PV voltage and current, which makes them economically cost and attractive in the PV transient and steady-state operating conditions.