High-load reactors face a significant challenge with fatty acid accumulation. Although injecting acidogenic gas (H2 and CO2) into methanogenic reactors improves biogas production, its mechanisms and stability enhancement remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the potential of using acidogenic gas to enhance methane production and system stability in a high substrate-loading co-digestion system with decreasing hydraulic retention time (HRT) and its regulatory role by considering biological pathways. Acidogenic gas injection effectively managed volatile fatty acid accumulation, with a concomitant increase in methane production from 0.042 to 0.066 L/L h as HRT decreased (16–8 days). However, the methane yield decreased from 611 to 460 mL/g volatile solids. Microbial community analysis revealed an increased abundance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens, along with several acidogenic and syntrophic fatty acid oxidizing consortia with decreasing HRT. The HRT10.67 sample exhibited the highest microbial species diversity and richness in the methanogenic reactor. Metabolomics analysis showed acidogenic gas reduced energy synthesis related to the tri-carboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation while profoundly regulating the metabolism of amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, membrane transporters and inhibitory substances, thereby strengthening methane metabolism pathways. This study provides valuable insights into the roles of acidogenic gas in regulating energy metabolism to enhance methane production and offers potential opportunities for improving lipid and protein degradation.

Two-stage anaerobic digestion (AD) system is an efficient technology; however, organic loading rate (OLR), a critical design and process parameter, influences the performance and capacity of digesters. This study investigates the impact of various OLRs on biogas production during co-digestion of food waste, chicken manure and corn straw in an innovatively designed two-stage reactor system, including variations in the enzyme and electron transfer system (ETS) activities and microbial community. The production of hydrogen and methane increased gradually with increasing OLR, with maximum production at 8 g VS/L d (690 mLH₂/L d and 690 mLCH₄/L d), which is 30–97 % higher than OLR of 1.5 to 6 g VS/L d. However, the maximum methane yield of 535 mL/g VS_added was attained at OLR of 4 g VS/L d consistent with the highest coenzyme F420 activity. Although no substantial ETS activity was seen during the acidogenic stage, the ETS activity decreased with increasing OLR in the methanogenesis stage, indicating that high substrate loading results in low syntrophic methanogenesis. Microbial analysis revealed a more diverse enrichment of acidogens and acetogens at high OLR with a wider range of substrate consumption, resulting in balanced acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Methanosarcina and Methanothermobacter) in the biomethane process. These findings suggest the strengthening of syntrophic methanogenesis in high substrate-loading AD systems.

The continuous requirement to substitute safe and affordable alternatives for helminth medications, as well as address the resistance of some used drug classes, introduced bioactive products derived from marine animals into the field of competition; however, almost all the previous research only focused on their impact on bacterial and protozoal infection. In the present work, we investigated the potential in vitro nematocidal effect of the aqueous extract of defense secretions for four species of marine mollusks: two cephalopods, namely the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis and the common Octopus Octopus vulagris and two gastropods, the sea hare Aplysia argus and the sea slug Berthillina citrina, against the adult murine pinworm Syphacia obvelata. Data showed dose and time efficacy in all examined extracts. The sea slug's skin acid secretion has the highest impact, causing death in the cultivated worms, followed by the ink of the sea hare, the common octopus and the cuttlefish, where LC90 after 10 h of exposure were 250, 290, 316, and 391 µg/mL, respectively. Comparatively with the control and albendazole‐treated groups, the skin acid secretion of the sea slug caused the highest levels of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, Cat and GSH‐PX; however, albendazole prompted the highest level of GSH‐PX enzyme in all experimental groups.

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are bioactive metabolites with high molecular weight and are produced by several microorganisms such as endophytic fungi. Thus, the aim of the present study was designed to explore the biosynthesis and characteristics of EPS by the endophytic fungus Neopestalotiopsis clavispora AUMC15969 and then investigate some environmental and nutritional factors that afect their production. Moreover, we estimated an additional value, namely the production of biodiesel. Maximum production of EPS was 7.86 g/L when N. clavispora was grown on lactose as the sole carbon source and peptone as the nitrogen source, respectively, and pH 7 at 35 °Cfor 10 days. The produced EPS had a total sugar content of 0.93 g/g where protein content was 0.076 g/g. It revealed a strong antioxidant activity that improved with increasing sample concentration, with the optimum concentration of 10 mg/mL producing 83.1% DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 equal to 3.89 mg/mL. The extracted lipid from the fungal mycelia at the end of the fermentation process was 31.76% w/w. The biodiesel produced from the transesterifcation of lipids was 87.4% total fatty acid methyl esters. The present study demonstrated the potential production of EPS and lipid biopolymers in one-pot fermentation which could use as a resource for industrial technologies.

The q-rung orthopair fuzzy atmosphere is an innovative approach for handling unclear circumstances in a range of decision making problems. As compare to intuitionistic fuzzy sets, this one is more appropriate and adaptable because it evaluates the significance of ring theory while retaining the features of q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets. In this study, we characterize q-rung orthopair fuzzy subring as a modification of the pythagorean fuzzy subring. We introduce the novel idea of q-rung orthopair fuzzy subring and investigate the algebraic characteristics for the q-rung orthopair fuzzy subrings. Furthermore, we establish the concept of q-rung orthopair fuzzy quotient ring and q-rung orthopair fuzzy left and right ideals. Also, we describe the q-rung orthopair fuzzy level subring and associate axioms. Finally, we investigate how ring homomorphism influences the q-rung orthopair fuzzy subring and investigate there pre-images homomorphism on q-ROFSR and different aspects of images.

Thresholding is an important process required to most tasks in computer vision especially characters’ detection from scene images. So, in this paper, we focus to enhance our previous model which is used to detect the characters from scene images and has proven superior to most existing methods. This improvement is fulfilled by replacing the thresholding method in the entire model in the stage of converting the grayscale image into the binary one. The new thresholding method is known by Bradley method. Although our previous model got better when we use Bradley thresholding, the number of false detections still less than in the case of using our previous thresholding method in the entire designed model

In this paper, we focus on the binarization methods as a core step in most image processing
algorithms especially localization of the characters in scene images. We have developed in this
paper our previous scheme which based on shape properties and geometric features to define text
region and adopt our binarization scheme which based on Naïve Bayes classifier to convert
grayscale image to binary image. Then we compare this binarization scheme with four famous
different methods and explore their effects on detection characters in scene images. We found
that our method outperforms the other four prior methods in detection characters with respect to
Recall metric and the Otsu method follow our methods.

Abstract: Here, we report the structural, optical, magnetic, and dielectric properties of La0.67Sr0.33Mn1-x-y ZnxCoyO3 manganite with various x and y values (0.025 < x + y < 0.20). The pure and co-doped samples are called S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5, with (x + y) = 0.00, 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20, respectively. The XRD confirmed a monoclinic structure for all the samples, such that the unit cell volume and the size of the crystallite and grain were generally decreased by increasing the co-doping content (x + y). The opposite was true for the behaviors of the porosity, the Debye temperature, and the elastic modulus. The energy gap Eg was 3.85 eV for S1, but it decreased to 3.82, 3.75, and 3.65 eV for S2, S5, and S3. Meanwhile, it increased and went to its maximum value of 3.95 eV for S4. The values of the single and dispersion energies (Eo, Ed) were 9.55 and 41.88 eV for S1, but they were decreased by co-doping. The samples exhibited paramagnetic behaviors at 300 K, but they showed ferromagnetic behaviors at 10 K. For both temperatures, the saturated magnetizations (Ms) were increased by increasing the co-doping content and they reached their maximum values of 1.27 and 15.08 (emu/g) for S4. At 300 K, the co-doping changed the magnetic material from hard to soft, but it changed from soft to hard at 10 K. In field cooling (FC), the samples showed diamagnetic regime behavior (M < 0) below 80 K, but this behavior was completely absent for zero field cooling (ZFC). In parallel, co-doping of up to 0.10 (S4) decreased the dielectric constant, AC conductivity, and effective capacitance, whereas the electric modulus, impedance, and bulk resistance were increased. The analysis of the electric modulus showed the presence of relaxation peaks for all the samples. These outcomes show a good correlation between the different properties and indicate that co-doping of up to 0.10 of Zn and Co in place of Mn in La:113 compounds is beneficial for elastic deformation, optoelectronics, Li-batteries, and spintronic devices.