Treating dye-containing wastewater poses numerous challenges due to its high chemical complexity and its persistent nature. Thus, the present study aims to synthesize biochar derived from banana peel (BC) and its nanocomposites with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO_x/BC_1-x) for the purpose of adsorptive removing Congo red (CR) dye from water. Several analytical methods were utilized to describe the physicochemical features of the CuO_x/BC_1-x nanocomposites. It was found that the crystallinity of the nanocomposites gradually improved, while the specific surface area and the surface electronegativity were reduced with increasing x value. The effects of x values (0–0.5), interaction time (10–120 min), adsorbent dose (0.01–0.05 g), initial CR concentration (20–200 mg/L), and the solution temperature (20–60 °C) were evaluated on CR removal. The obtained results revealed that the CuO_0.5/BC_0.5 nanocomposite showed the highest adsorption efficiency with a maximum adsorption capacity of 233.6 mgg⁻¹. Analysis of the equilibrium experimental data revealed that the Langmuir and the pseudo-2nd-order models were the most proper to describe the current adsorption process. Moreover, the thermodynamics studies demonstrated that the adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic, and random.

ZnTiO₃ nanoparticles (NPS), synthesized using a sol-gel process from zinc acetate dihydrate and titanium tetrabutanolate, were incorporated into aluminum borosilicate glasses to enhance their effectiveness in water purification. Integrating ZnTiO₃-NPS at the expense of SiO₂ causes significant alterations by converting [BO₃] to [BO₄], modifying the Si-O bonds with other metal oxides, and creating a denser structure with more bridging oxygens. The structural improvement is indicated by higher ultrasonic velocities and elastic moduli, demonstrating a stronger and more unified glass framework. The study investigates how different concentrations of ZnTiO₃-NPS affect the glasses' structure and mechanical and optical properties, specifically observing changes in light transmission, such as a blueshift in the absorption edge towards longer wavelengths. This blueshift due to ZnTiO₃-NPS was assured by the observed decrease in the optical band gap (E_g) values and the increase in the mean oscillator position (λ_o) values. Furthermore, the real () and imaginary () parts of the optical conductivity, nonlinear optical parameters viz. first (χ⁽¹⁾) and third (χ⁽³⁾) orders subsatellites, and nonlinear index of refraction (n₂) have been estimated based on the values of the linear index of refraction (n) and the extinction coefficient (k). The optical modifications impact the refractive index, suggesting various potential technological applications based on the ZnTiO₃ levels.

The present study investigates the dose-dependent damage caused by 4-nonylphenol exposure in juvenile of Clarias gariepinus using some biomarkers and the effect of recovery time. Healthy juvenile C. gariepinus of both sexes were classified into four groups (7fish/ group; two replicates). The first one was a control group, and the other three groups were exposed for 15 days to 4-nonylphenol concentrations as 0.1 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L, and 0.3 mg/L respectively, then 15 days as a recovery period after exposure time. The parameters exhibiting significance either increased with the increase of the 4-NP doses from 0.0 in the control to 0.3 mg/L (AST, ALT, TP, Glu, Cr, and UA) or decreased with such increased doses (Alb, and Glo). In conclusion, the liver and kidney functions parameters were indicated the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of 4-NP and their alterations have decreased to a great extent after a recovery period of 15-days in a reverse order.

A few studies assessed how natural products can protect fish from the neurotoxic effects of Microplastics (MPs). Therefore, the goal of this study was to look into the neurotoxicity of PE-MPs on the brain tissue of African catfish (C. gariepinus), and whether dietary feeding on Chlorella, citric acid, and lycopene could help alleviate their toxicity. Five groups of fish were used: The first group received a standard diet (control). The second group was fed 500 mg/kg PE-MP. The third group was fed PE-MP + lycopene (500 mg/kg diet). The fourth group was fed PE-MP + citric acid (30 g/kg diet). And the fifth group was fed PE-MP + Chlorella (50 g/kg diet) for 15 days. The activities of Acetylcholinesterase (Ach), Monoamine Oxidase (MAO), Aldehyde Oxidase (AO), and Nitric Oxide (NO), and the histological effect on brain tissues were then assessed. The activity of the four neurological biomarker enzymes investigated was altered significantly in fish subjected to PE-MP alone compared with the control group. For fish exposed to PE-MP with lycopene, citric acid, or Chlorella, the activities of these neurological enzymes significantly improved particularly with Chlorella compared with fish fed PE-MP individually. Histological investigations illustrated that being subjected to PE-MPs effected cellular alterations in the telencephalon, including diffuse distorted and degraded neurons, encephalomalacia, aggregated neuroglial cells (gliosis), as well as deformed and necrotic neurons, neuropil vacuolation (spongiosis), aggregated neuroglial cells (gliosis), pyknotic neurons, and shrunken Purkinje cells which were found in the cerebellum. Most histological alterations …

Although few studies have been done to evaluate the neurotoxic effect of 4-nonylphenol on the aquatic fauna, there is a shortage in knowledge about the effect of the dose-dependent damage of 4-NP in juvenile of C. gariepinus. So, the present study aims to investigate the neurotoxic effects of 4-NP in juvenile of Clarias garepinus through evaluation of oxidative stress indices, neurotoxic biomarkers, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and histopathological alterations.

Methods

To carry out this work, healthy juvenile fish were categorized into four groups (seven fish/group; three replicates). One as control and the other three groups were exposed for 15 days to 4-nonylphenol concentrations as 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/L, respectively, then 15 days as recovery period.

Results

The neurotoxiclogical biomarkers …

Despite numerous studies on microplastics, the biological impacts of polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) and its toxicity on freshwater fish have yet to be fully revealed. The purpose of this research was to look at the potentially harmful effects of PP-MPs in freshwater African catfish Clarias gariepinus and bioremediation using Spirulina. After acclimatization to laboratory conditions, 108 fish (125 ± 3 gm and 27 ± 2 cm) were assigned into triplicate six experimental groups (12 fish/group), a control group, Spirulina group (SP), PP-MP-treated groups (0.14 and 0.28 mg/l PP-MPs), and PP-MP + Spirulina-treated groups (0.14 mg/l PP-MPs + 200 mg/L SP and 0.28 mg/l PP-MPs +200 mg/L SP) for 15-day exposure and 45-day recovery after that. The hematological parameters exhibiting significance (RBCs, Hct, Hb, and MCV) or non-significance (MCH and MCHC) either decreased with the increase in PP-MP doses from 0.0 in the control to 0.28 mg/L red blood cells (RBCs), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), hemoglobin (Hb) and platelets or increased with such an increase in doses (mean corpuscular volume (MCV)). The liver enzyme activity, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) exhibited non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) or significant (p < 0.05) increases in (0.14 and 0.28 mg/L) PP-MP-exposed groups, respectively, except ALP. Furthermore, there was a significant (p < 0.05) or non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) increase in 0.14 and 0.28 mg/l PP-MP +200 mg/L-exposure groups, respectively, compared to the control group and …

In this work, biochar (BC) was synthesized from the thermal decomposition of banana peels and modified by different percentages of ZnO NPs using the wet impregnation method. The ZnO_x/BC_1-x nanocomposites’ (x = 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.50, 1.00 as a weight) physical and chemical properties were estimated utilizing X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N₂ sorption, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential. The synthesized nanocomposites were utilized as adsorbents for eliminating methylene blue toxic dye from water. Through the adsorption batches, several parameters have been tested, such as the impact of x value, duration time, adsorbent dose, initial pH, dye concentration, and medium temperature. Compared to the tested nanocomposites, the ZnO_0.10/BC_0.90 nanocomposite revealed the best adsorption efficiency (96.5 %) with a high adsorption capacity reaching 118.8 mg/g. To ensure accurate identification of adsorption process behavior, the adsorption isotherms, kinetic models, and thermodynamic studies were investigated. Langmuir and pseudo-2^nd order were discovered to be the most appropriate models that ascribe the adsorption behavior. Furthermore, the thermodynamic study reveals that the MB uptake on the nanocomposites is both spontaneous and exothermic.

human operations occur frequently around the Nile Valley. Moreover, where these features were initially
created, their relevance focuses on how the urban communities responded to the processes. So, a ground
penetrating radar (GPR) field survey was carried out on different paleoenvironments of Pre-Quaternary and
Quaternary sediment around Assiut. Deep and critical analyses of georadar facies were made to obtain clear
images of these features with unprecedented resolution. The main objective of this study is to find some
reasonable geological interpretations for these features. From this study, it is possible to identify and differentiate
these features originating from different geological environments and climatological conditions in arid regions
such as those around Assiut. In addition, the study serves as guidelines for environmental management and
climatic changes for enhancing knowledge of urban development. Also, the study demonstrates how georadar
can be used to create precise images of intricate shallow subsurface anatomy with possible palaeoenvironmental
and palaeoclimatic indicators

The early Cretaceous formations in recent years are considered significant potential hydrocarbon-bearing rocks in many rift basins such as Komombo, south Egypt. Therefore, this study is focused on the critical analysis and interpretation of well logging together with seismic reflection data on the Al Baraka petroliferous reservoir in the Komombo subbasin. The interpretation of these data was used to construct the first 3D geophysical models in this area which were subsequently interpreted in terms of their potential to be hydrocarbon-bearing or not. The 3D petrophysical models were deduced to illustrate the spatial distribution and propagation of the petrophysical properties (laterally and vertically) within the reservoir. Additionally, 3D seismic models were prepared to get a comprehensive, in-depth picture of
how the productive hydrocarbon reservoir zones are structurally controlled in different depths. So, these models are crucial for explaining reservoir characteristics and providing supported geological reservoir models for precise reservoir performance prediction. This study aims to differentiate and determine hydrocarbon potential zones in terms of the petroleum system. The results of these progressive  analyses showed that only two zones (C and D) in the Six Hills Formation are considered the most productive zones because they have a large thickness of sand bodies, low-water saturation values, high porosity, and high permeability. These zones are located in the northeastern and central parts of the studied area, which represent the depocenter of the subbasin. This evidence supported and confirmed the presence of petroleum accumulations in certain zones within the Six Hills Formation. Therefore, this work can give and encourage experts with adequate knowledge to understand the development of the rift basins in Komombo and other basins in middle and south Egypt.