Atropine (ATR) is extracted from a belladonna plant that belongs to a class of anticholinergic drugs and is therefore involved in the treatment of the overdose of cholinergic drugs or mushroom poisoning. It is a well-known blocker of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) that are expressed in various tumor cells, including breast tumors from animal and human origin, but it has yet to be recommended as an anticancer drug. Our in silico docking analysis indicates that atropine has a roust virtual binding, with a stable binding energy, to two major signaling molecules involved in EMT regulation: E-cad and ZEB-2. For both, the gene and the protein expression level results show that atropine is an effective molecule in reducing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and colony formation induced by TGF-B or carboplatin in both the mesenchymal-like cell line MDA-MB-231 and the epithelial-like cell line T47D. We conclude that atropine as a potential suppressor of EMT could be co-administrated with other chemotherapeutic drugs to reduce stemness in drug-resistant breast tumor cells.

Two highly simple, economical, accurate and sensitive spectrophotometric methods for determination of dopamine hydrochloride (DAH) in either pure form and pharmaceutical formulations are described. The first method is based on determination of (DAH) spectrophotometrically at maximum absorbance 280 nm (method A). The second one is based on reduction of alkaline KMnO₄ by (DAH) leading to the formation of green manganate species which are measured at 610 nm (method B). Under optimized conditions, the calibration graphs were linear in the range of 3.793 – 45.513, 0.190 – 4.362 μg.mL⁻¹ of (DAH) for methods A and B respectively. The developed methods were successfully applied for the determination of dopamine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical samples.

The ecosystem is considerably affected due to the extensive use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. As an alternative strategy, this study aimed to assess the biocontrol potential of the bioagents arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting Trichoderma harzianum MZ025966 against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica). T. harzianum showed a great potentiality to produce indole acetic acid (IAA) (12.11 ± 2.12 μg/mL) and exhibited a noticeable activity of ammonification. Furthermore, T. harzianum revealed protease and lipase enzymatic activity of 28.36 ± 2.82 U/mL and 12.30 ± 0.31 U/mL, respectively, which may illustrate the control mechanism of nematode eggs and juveniles. As in mycorrhizal and/or T. harzianum inoculated tomato plants, the penetration rates of nematodes, as well as the number of juveniles, females, egg mass, and galls were significantly reduced. The lowest number of juveniles was observed in the case of either single mycorrhizal inoculation (45%) or in combination with T. harzianum (55%). The enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase was enhanced in tomato plants inoculated with the bioagents to overcome the negative impact of nematode parasitism. Our results proved that the application of biocontrol agents not only reduced the nematode population and penetration rate but also improved the plant growth, increased the nutritional elemental content and stimulated the plant’s systematic resistance.

The new mercuric complex [Hg(HL) 2 Cl2 ] incorporating salicylaldimine ligand
(HL = 2-((pyridin-3-ylimino)methyl)phenol) was fabricated where the ligand
molecules behaved in a monodentate manner via their pyridine nitrogen
atoms. In addition to elemental characterization, X-ray crystallographic studies
of the complex revealed its packing in a monoclinic crystal system (space
group: I2/a, a = 13.4276(2) Å, b = 6.20950(10) Å, c = 27.7530 (4) Å,
α = γ = 90, and β = 98.1610(10)). Hydrothermal treatment of [Hg(HL) 2 Cl2 ]
with thioacetamide afforded HgS microparticles (HgS μPs; Brunauer–Emmett–
Teller [BET] surface area = 6.205 m 2 /g, diameter = 196.53–259.13 nm, and
average size = 213.27 nm), whereas these microparticles were transformed to
nanoscaled HgS particles (HgS NPs; BET surface area = 14.380 m 2 /g,
diameter = 58.87–90.56 nm, and average size = 72.78 nm) by the action of
ultrasonication. The as-prepared HgS, HgS NPs in particular, afforded remark-
able microbicidal activity against eight strains of filamentous and unicellular
human pathogenic fungi and yeasts in comparison with cycloheximide.
Remarkably, Aspergillus terreus grew up to 34.7 ± 1.88 mm in the absence of
any fungicide, but HgS μPs, HgS NPs, and cycloheximide limited the fungal
growth to 26 ± 0.94, 12.33 ± 1.6, and 28.3 ± 1.7 mm after incubation for 6 days.
Besides, inhibition of Rhodotorula glutinis was of 7.6 ± 0.01 × 107 CFU/ml in
control sample, but experiments included HgS μPs, HgS NPs, and cyclohexi-
mide limited the colony-forming units of R. glutinis to 4.2 ± 0.01 × 10 7 ,
3.5 ± 0.02 × 10 7 , and 5.9 ± 0.05 × 10 7 CFU/ml.

Terpenoid phytoalexins are secondary metabolites of plants act as defensive agents against plant
pathogen attack. Alternaria cerealis AUMC 14484 (MT808477) is a phytopathogen of tomato that stimulates
new types of phytoalexins especially during the biological control process. Trichoderma harzianum utilized as
controlling agent of A. cerealis using the fungal filtrates or spore suspension in infected plants. Time course
detection of terpenoid phytoalexins was 2, 24 and 48 h of infection and estimated with complete analysis of their
types and concentrations using GC-MS analysis. The plant cells behavior during the biological control process
was monitored by lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, and antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase)
analyses. The results showed significant increase in total terpenoids, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide
after 24 h in all treatments; however catalase and peroxidase increased in infected tomato plants but decreased
during the biological control process which reflects decrease in the cell stress during the infection. Twelve
terpenoid phytoalexins recorded in infected tomato leaves, seven of them are newly recorded in tomato plants
including 5à-spirostan-23-ol, (22s,23r,25r); 2(1h)-naphthalenone, octahydro-1-methyl-1-(2-propenyl),
(1à,4aá,8Aà); 2,2' (1h,1'h)-spirobi-s-indacene, ethanone.; Spiro[5hbenzocycloheptene 5,1'[2,5] cyclohexadiene]
4',9diol,6,7,8,9 tetrahydro2,3,3',4,5 'pentamethoxy-7,8-dimethyl-, 9-acetate; carvacrol; maslinic acid;
Spirost8en11one,3 hydroxy, (3á,5à,14á,20á,22á,25R) and Olean-12-ene-3,15,16,21,22,28-hexol,
(3á,15à,16à,21á,22à). Rishitin derivatives (rishitinol and rishitinone) also recorded in infected tomato leaves.
The application of Trichoderma harzianum as culture filtrate or spore suspension throughout the biological
control procedure is critical for tomato plant resistance against A. cerealis leaf spot disease by enhancing redox
buffer capacity, improving plant tolerance, and activating plant defense systems.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) has a source for bioactive phytochemicals. Alternaria
cerealis is a pathogen that causes disease on variety of plant parts. This study amid to obtained novel
secondary metabolites including phytoalexin compounds in tomato plant, following infection with
Alternaria cerealis MT808477. Identification of the bioactive components present in leaves methanolic
extracts was performed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Coumarin,
tioconazole, octadecane, 9-ethyl-9-heptyl and fluticasone propionate were recorded. In addition, the
detoxification of phytoalexin quinolizine, isoquinolizine and quinoline derivatives were also detected.
Most of these compounds are candidate for valuable applications as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory,
antitumor agents and others.

The present study compared the effects of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) and FeCl₃ on the growth, nitrogenase activity, and H₂ production of mesophilic bacteria Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus thuringiensis. FeNPs were synthesized using the forcing-hydrolysis method of ferric chloride. The synthetic FeNPs exhibited a distinct peak in the surface plasmon resonance at 350 nm and irregularly shaped particles ranging in size from 33 nm to 50 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the synthesized FeNPs matched the hematite database (JCPDS file No. 19–629). The growth of E. aerogenes and B. thuringiensis was significantly higher in the presence of FeNPs than in the presence of FeCl₃. The highest growth rate was observed at an FeNP concentration of 150 mg/L. Nitrogenase activity in both E. aerogenes (2.6-fold increase) and B. thuringiensis (2.4-fold increase) was higher when FeNPs were present compared to control cultures without iron addition. The study also investigated the effects of FeCl₃ and FeNPs on H₂ generation by Enterobacter and Bacillus using orange peel hydrolysate and molasses as substrates. The results showed that Supplementation of 6% orange peel hydrolysate with 150 mg/L of FeNPs significantly increased cumulative H₂ generation, resulting in a yield of 1.92 mol H₂/mol glucose in Enterobacter aerogenes. Similarly, in Bacillus thuringiensis, the cumulative H₂ produced from 6% molasses supplemented with 150 mg/L FeNPs was 2.36 mol H₂/mol glucose. These findings suggest that FeNP supplementation, rather than FeCl₃ supplementation, can enhance the bioactivity of H₂-producing bacteria and improve H₂ yield. This has significant implications for the economic importance and feasibility of biofuel technologies that utilize industrial waste products.

This review article explores the impact of nitrogen fertilizers on the symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and legume plants. Nitrogen fixation has the potential to address the global protein shortage by increasing nitrogen supply in agriculture. However, the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers has led to environmental consequences and high energy consumption. To promote sustainable agriculture, alternative approaches such as biofertilizers that utilize biological nitrogen fixation have been introduced to minimize ecological impact. Understanding the process of biological nitrogen fixation, where certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, is crucial for sustainable agriculture. This knowledge helps reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers and maintain soil fertility. The symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and leguminous plants plays a vital role in sustainable agriculture by facilitating access to atmospheric nitrogen, improving soil fertility, and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. To achieve optimal nitrogen fixation and plant growth, it is important to effectively manage nitrogen availability, soil conditions, and environmental stressors. Excessive nitrogen fertilization can negatively affect the symbiotic association between plants and rhizobia, resulting in reduced soil health, altered mutualistic relationships, and environmental concerns. Various techniques can be employed to enhance symbiotic efficiency by manipulating chemotaxis, which is the ability of rhizobia to move towards plant roots. Plant-specific metabolites called (iso)flavonoids play a crucial role in signaling and communication between legume plants and rhizobia bacteria, initiating the symbiotic relationship and enhancing nitrogen fixation and plant growth. Excessive nitrogen fertilizer application can disrupt the communication between rhizobia and legumes, impacting chemotaxis, root exudation patterns, nodulation, and the symbiotic relationship. High levels of nitrogen fertilizers can inhibit nitrogenase, a critical enzyme for plant growth, leading to reduced nitrogenase activity. Additionally, excessive nitrogen can compromise the energy demands of nitrogen fixation, resulting in decreased nitrogenase activity. This review discusses the disadvantages of using nitrogenous fertilizers and the role of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation in reducing the need for these fertilizers. By using effective rhizobial strains with compatible legume cultivars, not only can the amounts of nitrogenous fertilizers be reduced, but also the energy inputs and greenhouse gas emissions associated with their manufacturing and application. This approach offers benefits in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and saving energy. In conclusion, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the impact of nitrogen fertilizers on the symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium and legume plants. It also discusses potential strategies for sustainable agricultural practices. By managing nitrogen fertilizers carefully and improving our understanding of the symbiotic relationship, we can contribute to sustainable agriculture and minimize environmental impact.