ABSTRACT Keywords: Antimony Antioxidants Arthrospira platensis Cucurbit Chelation mechanism Earthworm The rising industrial use of antimony (Sb) has led to its widespread pollution, negatively impacting plant growth as an emerging pollutant. Limited studies have explored the integrated biosystems involving Arthrospira platensis (AP) and/or earthworms (EW) on cucurbit plants under Sb-stress. This study uncovered the toxicity of three levels of ‘Sb’ on soil characters and biochemical changes of cucurbit leaves with/without EW and/or AP. The GC- mass analysis of AP-extract documented the presence of 33 bioactive compounds; including 11,13-dimethyl-12- tetradecen-1-ol acetate, lanostane-7,11-dione, 3-(acetyloxy)-, erucic acid, cis-10-nonadecenoic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, oleic acid, and others which have antioxidative and growth-promoting properties. Earthworms isolated from Sb-contaminated soils showed severe morphological and ultrastructure changes in skin and overall worm’s body. However, the integrated biosystem alleviated the impacts of ‘Sb’ on earthworms and cucurbits compared to their single application. Supplementation of bioagents to Sb-stressed soils improved plant growth and photosynthetic pigments content of cucurbits. This was achieved by modulating the foliar and soil content of essential elements and restricting ‘Sb’ accumulation in leaves. These changes maintained relative water content and osmotic balance in the cell along with increasing the activities of carbonic anhydride and nitrate reductase. Moreover, AP and/or EW application associated with up-regulation of Sb-chelation chaperones and increasing the activity of glutathione-S-transferase, phenylalanine ammonialyase, and lignin accumulation. Furthermore, heatmap and principal component analyses showed a positive response of hydrogen sulfide, secondary metabolites, and antioxidants which reduced nitro-oxidative stress and membrane damage criteria of Sb-stressed plants-received bioagents. All these up-regulations of the used applicants improved the tolerance of cucurbit plants against Sb-stress, increased the shoot growth, root development, and reduced the chlorosis of leaves. The present investigation highly recommended using A. platensis and earthworms as green technologies to enhance the plant tolerance against ‘Sb’ or may be other emergent pollutants.

Helium accumulation in structural ceramics used in nuclear, fusion, and aerospace systems causes swelling, cracking, and early failure, yet controlling this damage has remained elusive. Here, we introduce defect landscape engineering, the deliberate creation of vacancy clusters prior to helium exposure, as a general strategy to suppress helium-induced degradation. Using α-SiC as a model, we combine advanced microscopy, strain mapping, helium depth profiling, positron annihilation spectroscopy, and atomistic simulations to demonstrate that tailored pre-damage transforms helium defect evolution. Instead of forming extended platelets and nanocracks, helium is trapped in stable, uniformly dispersed nanobubbles. Simulations reveal that small vacancy clusters act as dual-function sinks for irradiation-induced interstitials and preferential traps for helium, fundamentally altering the dynamics of cascade recombination. This mechanism is composition-independent and scalable, offering a new design principle for radiation-tolerant ceramics across carbides, nitrides, and oxides. By viewing defect control as a tunable parameter instead of a fixed material property, this work outlines a possible design route toward enhanced radiation tolerance in ceramics used in extreme environments.

CDK2 has emerged as a pivotal target in cancer chemotherapy. To develop a novel CDK2 inhibitor scaffold, multiple rational, structure-based design strategies were applied to known potent CDK2 inhibitors. Through retrosynthetic planning, chemical synthesis, and characterisation, compounds 2–8 were generated. Initial in vitro screening using the NCI-60 cancer cell line panel, followed by accurate cytotoxicity (GI₅₀) measurements, shortlisted compounds 5, 8b, and 8d as promising candidates. These compounds exhibited GI₅₀ values as low as 0.6 μM and demonstrated favourable safety profiles, with selectivity indices reaching up to 7.98. The top two active compounds, 5 and 8b, were further evaluated against the most sensitive cell line, MDA-MB-468 (breast cancer), at their respective GI₅₀ concentrations. Flow cytometric cell cycle analysis revealed 82% and 78% G1 phase arrest for compounds 5 and 8b, respectively, suggesting an effective CDK2/cyclin E targeting mechanism. Furthermore, annexin V-FITC apoptosis assays showed robust pro-apoptotic effects, with total apoptosis induction elevated 34.5-fold and 32.4-fold over the negative control for compounds 5 and 8b, respectively. Subsequent CDK2/cyclin E1 enzymatic inhibition assays confirmed the potency of these compounds, with IC₅₀ values of 3.92 nM for 5 and 0.77 nM for 8b, compared to 1.94 nM for the reference inhibitor roscovitine. Notably, the novel lead compound 8b exhibited approximately 2.5-fold greater potency than roscovitine. Molecular docking studies further supported the experimental findings and provided structural insights for future optimisation of this promising CDK2 inhibitor scaffold.

Topological rainbow trapping (TRT) arises from the interplay between topological states and frequency-dependent slow-wave effects. Waves first slow down, then become spatially separated by frequency and are ultimately trapped at distinct locations. TRT designs have been primarily explored in the context of photonic crystals and subsequently extended to acoustic and elastic systems. This emerging TRT concept enables robust, frequency-selective localization beyond conventional rainbow trapping, supporting compact, multi-wavelength, topologically protected platforms for extreme wave manipulation. In this Review, we elucidate the fundamental principles of TRT, emphasizing the physical mechanisms that create near-zero group velocity points with robust frequency-dependent localization. We highlight three key TRT mechanisms: graded index profiles, which gradually vary material parameters to reshape dispersion and induce slow-wave effects; higher-order topological corner modes, which exploit localized corner states for robust frequency-specific wave confinement; and synthetic dimensions, which expand the parameter space of the system to engineer stable interface states at distinct frequencies. Furthermore, we address key challenges in TRT, such as energy dissipation and tunability, while highlighting its broad range of potential applications. Finally, we discuss emerging research directions for TRT. 

Rainbow trapping is a wave localization phenomenon in which different frequencies are spatially separated and confined by engineering dispersion through structural gradients. Initially demonstrated in tapered metamaterial systems, this concept has since been extended to plasmonic, photonic, acoustic, and elastic platforms, where graded-index profiles, chirped periodicities, and tapered geometries are used to control the group velocity and localize wave components at distinct spatial positions. These implementations enable highresolution spectral manipulation and form the foundation for broadband wave control. More recently, topological rainbow trapping has emerged as a robust alternative, leveraging topologically protected states to achieve disorder-immune frequency localization. This approach offers enhanced resilience to fabrication imperfections and opens new possibilities for scalable, integrated wave-based devices. In this review, we examine the physical mechanisms, system-specific implementations, and recent advances in both conventional and topological rainbow trapping. We also highlight promising applications ranging from optical communication and wavelength multiplexing to acoustic wave manipulation and vibrational energy harvesting and discuss key challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving field. 
 

We introduce a novel approach to achieve broadband rainbow trapping in a 2D photonic crystal (PC) platform. By exploiting the concept of valley PCs, we engineer a structure that supports robust topological edge states. A carefully designed rotational angle gradient along the edge state path induces frequency-dependent light localization, forming a topological rainbow with a significantly expanded bandwidth. This phenomenon of topological rainbow trapping is attributed to the interplay between valley-dependent topological edge states and the engineered rotational angle gradient. To further enhance light localization and broaden the trapping spectrum, we incorporate a graded radius profile in the bottom row of dielectric columns. Through a combination of rotational angle modulation and radius grading, we successfully realize broadband rainbow trapping with enhanced light localization. Our findings reveal a broad trapping bandwidth spanning from 0.8314c/a to 0.9205c/a, showcasing the potential of this approach for applications in optical frequency filtering, sensing, and information processing. 
 

Topological photonic sensors have emerged as a breakthrough in modern optical sensing by integrating topological protection and light confinement mechanisms such as topological states, quasi-bound states in the continuum (quasi-BICs), and Tamm plasmon polaritons (TPPs). These devices exhibit exceptional sensitivity and high-Q resonances, making them ideal for high-precision environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, and industrial sensing applications. This review explores the foundational physics and diverse sensor architectures, from refractive index sensors and biosensors to gas and thermal sensors, emphasizing their working principles and performance metrics. We further examine the challenges of achieving ultrahigh-Q operation in practical devices, limitations in multiparameter sensing, and design complexity. We propose physics-driven solutions to overcome these barriers, such as integrating Weyl semimetals, graphene-based heterostructures, and non-Hermitian photonic systems. This comparative study highlights the transformative impact of topological photonic sensors in achieving ultra-sensitive detection across multiple fields. 
 

This study provides a comprehensive anatomical and histological description of the eyelids of the Egyptian agama, Trapelus mutabilis. Both the movable upper and lower eyelids, as well as the thin and reduced third eyelid, represent distinctive features of the Egyptian agama's eye. The upper eyelid appears shorter than the lower one; furthermore, the cranial skin above the upper eyelid extends laterally to form a superior projection. Micro-ornamentations and sensory organs are located at the tips of the eyelid scales, which are arranged in an imbricated pattern. The histological structure of the upper eyelid closely resembles that of the lower eyelid. The external surface of both eyelids consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium composed of two to four cell layers, while the internal surface is lined with stratified cuboidal epithelium. Melanophores and iridophores constitute the principal pigment cells in both eyelids. The third eyelid is a reduced fold with a concave surface that connects posteriorly with the lacrimal gland at the medial canthus of the eye. Its external surface is covered by stratified squamous epithelium, whereas the internal surface is lined with one or two layers of cuboidal cells with rounded nuclei that are continuous with the conjunctival epithelium. Video recordings of the species under laboratory conditions demonstrated synchronization between eyelid and eyeball movements. Based on these observations, the present authors propose that this species possesses multiple structural and functional adaptations that enhance ocular protection. Protection against ultraviolet radiation is reinforced by two types of pigment cells, while the hard eyelid scales, superior extensions of wide scales, and the presence of sensory organs at the scale tips collectively enhance the protective reflex against external stimuli. These features represent morphological adaptations to the harsh environmental conditions in which this species lives.

Water scarcity and the rising cost of chemical fertilizers pose major challenges to sustainable crop production in Egypt, particularly in sandy soils with low
fertility. This study was conducted during the winters of 2022–2023 and 2023–2024 to investigate the combined effects of different irrigation levels and
Nostoc algae extract on soil properties and wheat (Triticum aestivum) productivity. Three irrigation levels (100%, 80%, and 60% of crop evapotranspiration
[ETc]) were evaluated with and without added algae. To analyze our data, we performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate differences among the
treatments; correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationships among soil properties and plant properties. The results showed that application
of algae significantly increased soil organic matter under all irrigation treatments. In contrast, soil pH decreased in response to addition of algae, with the
greatest reduction observed under the 60% ETc treatment (0.29 and 0.31 units in the first and second growing seasons, respectively). Water productivity
differed significantly among treatments, following the order: 80% ETc > 100% ETc > 60% ETc (p ≤ 0.05). The application of algae under the 80% ETc regime
increased water productivity by 12.01% and 12.19% in the first and second seasons, respectively, compared with the treatment without algae. Moreover,
organic matter exhibited a strong positive correlation with N, P, and K contents in both straw and grain. The total yield reached its greatest level at 100% ETc
with algae (5,526.43 ± 61.30 kg feddan−1), whereas the lowest value was reported at 60% ETc without algae (2,880.97 ± 37.81 kg feddan−1). Overall,
application of algae contributed to improved soil properties, enhanced soil nutrients, structure and moisture retention, and mitigated yield losses
associated with reduced irrigation. These findings suggest that integrating algae biofertilizers with deficit irrigation strategies can serve as a sustainable
approach to improve wheat production in sandy soils under water-limited conditions.