Algal biomass is a promising renewable feedstock for biofuel production that does not compete with food crops or require complex pretreatment like lignocellulosic biomass. This study examined biofuel production from two algae: Alkalinema pantanalense (cyanobacteria) and Chlorella vulgaris (green alga). Although there was no significant difference in their biomass, A. pantanalense showed a higher carbohydrate content (204.96 mg L⁻¹) than C. vulgaris (156.07 mg L⁻¹). To maximize reducing sugar release, three pretreatments were tested: thermotacidic, biological using the new fungal isolate Trichoderma longibrachiatum, and biological with nanoparticles. Biological pretreatment with MgZn ferrite nanoparticles (MZF-nps) at 60 mg L⁻¹ concentration gave the best results, significantly enhancing cellulase, β-glucosidase and filter paper cellulase activities by 20.94 % (A. pantanalense) and 18.63 % (C. vulgaris). For biohydrogen production, the co-culture of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae resulted in faster fermentation and improved hydrogen evolution compared to individual cultures. A. pantanalense and C. vulgaris yields were 35.1 mL g⁻¹ and 26.6 mL g⁻¹ dry weight, with maximal cumulative production of 2478 mL L⁻¹ and 1845 mL L⁻¹, respectively. Optimized Saccharomyces cerevisiae bioethanol fermentation conditions included 72 h incubation, 5 % inoculum, 30 °C, pH 5 under shaking condition, yielded 11.2 g L⁻¹ (A. pantanalense) and 7.2 g L⁻¹ (C. vulgaris). Furthermore, MZF-nps hydrolysate significantly increased bioethanol production, by 4.2-fold (A. pantanalense) to 32.45 g L⁻¹ and 3.48-fold (C. vulgaris) to 28.6 g L⁻¹, compared to thermoacidic pretreatment. In summary, biological pretreatment demonstrates the potential of algal biomass as a renewable feedstock for sustainable biofuel production.

Some physiological effects of dietary onion  Allium cepa and garlic  Allium sativum  in alloxan-diabetic mice

Prophylactic effect of fenugreek seeds on some physiological and histological criteria in fish (Clarias gariepinus) treated with glucose and alloxan.

STUDIES ON THE HISTOPATHOLOGY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS OF SOME ORGANS OF MICE INFECTED WITH TOXASCARIS LEONINA (LISTOW, 1902) (NEMATODA)

The effect of seasonal variations on the fatty acid composition of three Nile fish species; Tilapia nilotica (LINNAEUS, 1757), Clarias lazera (CUVIER and VALENCIENES, 1840) and Synddontis scall (BLOCH-SCHNEIDER, 1801) was studied. The determination of fatty acids was carried out applying gas liquid chromatogra phic analysis. The data revealed that lipids of the three studied fish species were found to contain 18 fatty acids with carbon chains ranging from C to Cja, most which were unsaturated fatty acids. Both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids varied markedly due to seasonality, since the percentage of saturation of fish lipid varies according to season. The data revealed that the relative content of unsaturated fatty acids increased markedly in spring in the three studied fish species.

Effect of seasonal variations on phospholipid components in three Nile fish species.

This investigation was carried out to study the effect of seasonal variations on the essential amino acids in trunk skeletal muscles (myotomal musculature) under the dorsal fin of three Nile fish species; namely: Tilapia nilotica (LINNAEUS, 1757), Clarias lazerat (CUVIER and VALENCINNES, 1840) and Synodontis schall (BLOCH SCHNEIDER, 1801). Qualitative and quantitative essential amino acids determination was carried out using thin layer chromatographic analysis, while the tryptophan content was evaluated applying the chemical method. Data obtained revealed that all essential amino acids were present in the three studied fish species in variable levels, depending on the species and season. Moreover, the major amino acids concentration of the three studied fish species was in the following descending order: threoni ne, methionine, valine, arginine and lysine. The relative concentration of each amino acid in the total amino acids content remains constant in spite of the changes in that total amount due to different biological and enviromental conditions.

Thirty-two mature male rabbits were used in this study. They were divided into two groups: the control group (n= 8) and the experimental (n= 24) group; the experimental group was injected intraperitoneally with alloxan (180mg/ml/kg body weight). After 3 weeks, this group (diabetic rabbits) was subdivided into three subgroups of eight rabbits each. The first one was left as the untreated diabetic subgroup; rabbits in the second and third subgroups were treated daily for 7 days with ALA and NAC (100 mg/ml/kg body weight), respectively. At the end of the experiment, blood and kidney sections were processed for biochemical and histological studies.

Oxidant/antioxidant status of erythrocytes from patients falciparum malaria in Yemen and its relation with the intensity of parasitemia