This study focused on the design and synthesis of a novel series of 5-ethylsulfonyl-indazole-3-carboxamides (8a–l) as dual inhibitors of VEGFR-2 and EGFR. Compounds 8g and 8h emerged as the most efficient derivatives among all evaluated compounds against breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (HCT-116) cancer cell lines, exhibiting IC50 values of 24 and 28 nM for HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively, for 8g and 23 and 25 nM for the same cell lines for 8h. Compounds 8g and 8h exhibited a promising safety margin against normal cells (WI-38) (IC50 values > 150 nM). In vitro enzyme assays demonstrated that compounds 8g and 8h exhibited potent inhibition of VEGFR-2 and EGFR. Furthermore, compounds 8g and 8h induced apoptosis by activating Bax, p53, caspase-3, 8, and 9, as well as down-regulating Bcl-2. Compounds 8g and 8h reduced TNF-a and IL-6 levels compared to dexamethasone. The computational investigation of compound 8h, a novel indazole-based urea derivative, was undertaken to rationalize its potent dual inhibition of EGFR and VEGFR-2. Molecular docking studies revealed a high binding affinity and a favorable interaction profile with key kinases.
residues, particularly hinge-region contacts with Met769 (EGFR) and Glu885/Asp1046 (VEGFR-2). Follow-up molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirmed the stability of the 8h–EGFR complex over 150 ns, characterized by persistent hydrogen bonding, low RMSF in the binding site, and consistent radius of gyration. Quantum mechanical (QM) analyses, including DFT and MEP mapping, revealed a HOMO–LUMO gap of 4.55 eV, high dipole moment (9.3 D), and distinct electron-rich/hydrogen-bonding regions, supporting strong molecular interactions. Additionally, SwissADME profiling
demonstrated acceptable drug-likeness, moderate solubility, and a low CYP-inhibition profile, suggesting favorable pharmacokinetics compared to the reference inhibitor erlotinib. These integrated computational findings align with experimental data on antiproliferative effects and kinase inhibition, reinforcing compound 8h as a promising dual-target anticancer candidate.

The dual targeting of EGFR and HER2 is an established anticancer strategy. A novel series including two distinct scaffolds, A (chalcone-based compounds, 4a–n) and B (pyrazoline-based compounds, 5a–n), was developed and synthesized. The antiproliferative efficacy of 4a–n and 5a–n was examined against a panel of four cancer cell lines. The findings indicated that pyrazoline derivatives 5a–n exhibited more efficacy than chalcone compounds 4a–n. Compounds 4n, 5d, and 5g were identified as the most effective antiproliferative derivatives. These compounds were further investigated as dual EGFR/Her2 inhibitors. Compound 5d inhibited EGFR-TK and HER2 significantly, with IC50 values of 0.126 and 0.061 mM, respectively. Moreover, compound 5d can induce a percentage of pre-G1 apoptosis by 78.53% in
cell cycle analysis and cause early apoptosis with a necrosis percentage of 5.28. Docking and MD simulation illustrated the significant cytotoxic activity of the 5d compound and how it can be a promising scaffold with anticancer activity.

A new series of quinoline-3-carboxylate derivatives 3a–k were developed as prospective dual inhibitors of EGFR and HER-2. Structural elucidation was accomplished via ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, DEPT NMR, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against breast (MCF-7) and colon (HT-29) cancer cell lines. Compounds 3a and 3f had the highest antiproliferative efficacy, especially against HT-29 colon cancer cells (IC50 = 23 and 25 nM, respectively), surpassing erlotinib (IC50 = 30 nM). Kinase inhibition experiments further validated the dual action of 3a and 3f, yielding IC50 values of 68 nM and 30 nM against EGFR and HER-2, respectively, for 3a and IC50 values of 71 and 33 nM against the same two kinases for 3f. Compounds 3a and 3f induced apoptosis by the activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9, alongside the overexpression of Bax and the downregulation of Bcl-
2. In silico molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the binding interactions of the most active compound, 3a, with EGFR and HER-2 kinase domains. The compound showed strong binding affinities, forming critical hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with key active-site residues. Additionally, SwissADME analysis of 3a revealed full compliance with major drug-likeness filters, highlighting its potential as an orally available, dual EGFR/HER-2 inhibitor with favorable pharmacokinetic properties.

The simultaneous targeting of EGFR and HER2 constitutes a legitimate anticancer strategy for the treatment of
solid tumors. In response, we developed and synthesized a new group of pyrazoline compounds that act as dualtarget
inhibitors for EGFR and HER-2. The structure of the newly synthesized compounds was validated with 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. The novel compounds’ antiproliferative efficacy was evaluated against four cancer cell lines. All compounds showed GI50 values ranging from 23 to 66 nM, with the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) showing the highest sensitivity. Compounds 7c, 7d, 7f, 7h, 7j, and 7l had the strongest antiproliferative activity, with derivatives 7d, 7h, and 7j outperforming erlotinib in all tested cancer cell lines. The study revealed that compounds 7d and 7h are the most  effective dual-target inhibitors of EGFR and HER-2, exceeding the reference EGFR inhibitor erlotinib and having comparable action to the clinically used HER-2 medication Lapatinib. We tested the apoptotic potential of 7d and 7h and found that both compounds cause apoptosis by turning on caspase-3, caspase-8, and Bax and decreasing the expression of Bcl-2, a protein that prevents apoptosis. Molecular docking studies revealed robust interactions of these compounds within the EGFR and HER-2 binding pockets, supported by molecular dynamics simulations that confirmed their stability. ADME profiling highlighted the pharmacokinetic advantages of these compounds, particularly 7h, as orally bioavailable and effective inhibitors. These findings suggest that pyrazoline-based inhibitors could serve as a foundation for future development of dual-targeted therapies to overcome resistance in cancer treatment.

Phenotypic screening, a widely utilized technique in drug research and development, has the advantage of not
relying on specific molecular targets, enabling a more comprehensive evaluation of the potential efficacy of
drugs. Our group developed and synthesized a series of novel 1H-pyrazole [3, 4-d]pyrimidine derivatives. We
used the phenotypic screening method to assess their activities. The results showed that compound 8r had
excellent inhibitory activity against the esophageal cancer cell line KYS-30 (IC50 = 3.53 ± 0.04 μM), significantly
better than the positive control compound 5-Fu. Further activity studies indicated that 8r could not only
considerably inhibit the colony formation and invasion of KYS-30 but also showed excellent safety both in vitro
and in vivo. Subsequently, we treated rat cardiac muscle cells H9C2 with high concentrations (10 μM and 20 μM)
of 8r. Investigations revealed that cardiac muscle cells maintained a survival rate exceeding 80 %, verifying the
minimal cardiotoxicity of compound 8r. The research confirmed the technical benefits of phenotypic screening in
maintaining a balance between drug effectiveness and safety, while also offering a novel approach for creating
anticancer drugs with high efficacy and low toxicity