Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a long-term metabolic disease defined by reduced pancreatic β-cell function and impaired insulin action in peripheral tissues, which cause sustained irregularities in glucose homeostasis, mild inflammation. Objectives: Recent study aimed to detect levels of circANKRD36 in white blood cells of T2DM patients and examine their relationship with pro- inflammatory mediators (TNF-α and IL-6) in DN patients withT2DM and to evaluate the role of circANKRD36 in the initiation and development of DN. Methodology: Blood samples obtained from people with diabetes mellitus type 2 (69) cases and Control participants (23). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was applied to evaluate levels of CircANKRD36. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin IL-6 via chemiluminescence and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: CircANKRD36 showed high expression levels in patients with T2DM and DN, contribute to the development of DN and it was superior to inflammatory markers in detection of early stages of DN. Conclusion: CircANKRD36 levels were markedly up-regulated in T2DM patients in comparison to control group (P=< 0.001).

Background
Preeclampsia is an important cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, affecting 2–8% of pregnancies worldwide.
Aim
The study aimed to examine the potential value of maternal serum concentration of placental protein 13 (PP13) in early diagnosis of preeclampsia (11–13 weeks of gestation).
Patients and methods
This study was carried out on 120 pregnant women at risk for preeclampsia (60 women with advanced maternal age >35 years, and 60 women with a history of chronic hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus) and 40 women apparently healthy as controls. Serum PP13 was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits from SinoGeneClon Biotech Co. Ltd, catalog number: SG-10912. Patients signed an informed consent form. Assiut Faculty of Medicine approved The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Faculty of Medicine Assiut University, with registration number IRB: 17101046.
Results
PP13 was significantly decreased in pregnant women with risk factors for preeclampsia (women with advanced maternal age > 35 years, as well as women with a history of chronic hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus) compared with the control group.
Conclusion
This study has revealed that serum levels of PP13 can be used as a predictive test in preeclampsia.

BACKGROUND: Pudendal neuralgia is a painful, neuropathic condition involving the pudendal nerve dermatome. It is a difficult-to-treat chronic pain disorder that affects both men and women equally. The aim of this study was to detect the efficacy and safety of two distinctive therapeutic types of radiofrequency: pulsed radiofrequency and pulse dose radiofrequency, as treatment modalities for cases of pudendal neuralgia, assessed by changes in the Visual Analogue Scale between the two groups.
METHODS: Of the one hundred patients enrolled for this study, 80 cases with pudendal neuralgia fulfilled the inclusion/ exclusion criteria. They were randomly assigned into two groups: PRF Group, including 38 patients who underwent Pulsed radiofrequency, and PDRF Group, including 39 patients who underwent Pulse dose radiofrequency. The primary outcome was pain assessment using the visual analogue score, while the secondary outcome included the patient health questionnaire-9, the amount of postintervention drug utilization, and treatment adverse events.
RESULTS: The two studied groups were matched for the basic demographic data. However, the difference in the mean VAS score was present over time within each group (P<0.05) but it was insignificant between the two groups at one hour, 48 hours, two weeks, one, three, and six months (P>0.05), PDRF Group showed a non-significant reduction in visual analogue score, compared to PRF Group. Additionally, there was a statistically significant reduction in patient health questionnaire-9 within each group over time, P<0.05. while between both groups at one, three, and six months, there was insignificant reduction among both groups (P>0.05) and more reduction in the PDRF group.
CONCLUSIONS: Both pulsed radiofrequency and pulse dose radiofrequency were equally effective and safe as a treatment method for managing pudendal neuralgia cases. Considering both modalities in cases with proven pudendal neuralgia is valuable.

The present study aims to investigate the efficacy of intravenously injected mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in treating neuropathic pain either before or after its induction by a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. Rats were divided into four groups: control group, neuropathic group, and treated groups (pre and postinduction) with i.v. mononuclear cells (106 cell/mL). For these rats, experimental testing for both thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated. The cerebral cortex of the rats was dissected, and immunohistochemical analysis using anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), CD117, nestin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein was performed. Our results showed that a single injection of MSCs (either preemptive/or post-CCI) produced equipotent effects on allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia, and thermal response. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the stem cells have reached the cerebral cortex. The injected group with MSCs before CCI showing few stem cells expressed PCNA, CD117, and nestin in the cerebral cortex. The group injected with MSCs after CCI, showing numerous recently proliferated CD117-, nestin-, PCNA-positive stem cells in the cerebral cortex. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the most probable effect of i.v. stem cells is the central anti inflammatory effect, which opens concerns about how stem cells circulating in systemic administration to reach the site of injury.