Human activity has led to a rise in the demand for water, prompting Saudi Arabia to search
for alternative groundwater supplies. Wadi As-Sirhan is one area that has experienced extensive
agricultural growth and the severe over-exploitation of its groundwater resources. The groundwater
drawn from the wadi should be continuously monitored to determine the best management options
for groundwater resources and economic growth. The most recent Gravity Recovery and Climate
Experiment (GRACE) mission and outputs of land surface models were combined to estimate the
depletion rate of the groundwater of the Wadi As-Sirhan drainage basin in the northern region of
Saudi Arabia throughout the period of April 2002–December 2021. The findings are: (1) the average
GRACE-derived terrestrial water storage variation (DTWS) was calculated at 􀀀13.82 0.24 mm/yr;
(2) the soil moisture storage variation was averaged at +0.008 0.004 mm/yr; (3) the GRACE-derived
groundwater depletion rate was estimated at 􀀀13.81 0.24 mm/yr; (4) the annual precipitation data
over the Wadi As-Sirhan was averaged at 60 mm/yr; (5) The wadi has a minimal recharge rate of
+2.31 0.24 mm/yr, which may partially compensate for a portion of the groundwater withdrawal;
(6) the sediment thickness shows an increase from 0 m at the southern igneous and volcanic rocks
to more than 3000 m close to the Saudi–Jordanian border; (7) The wadi’s eastern, southern, and
western portions are the sources of its tributaries, which ultimately drain into its northwestern
portion; (8) change detection from the Landsat photos reveals considerable agricultural expansions
over recent decades. The integrated method is useful for analyzing changes to groundwater resources
in large groundwater reservoirs and developing environmentally appropriate management programs
for these resources