The North African realm is one of the major oil and gas producing regions in the world, which contains several world class basins. The petroleum systems of the Egyptian North Western Desert are mostly confined to the Mesozoic (Middle Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous, and Upper Cretaceous) sandstone reservoirs, which are charged from the Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous shale source rocks, and sealed with the Upper Jurassic and Lower and Upper Cretaceous shales and carbonates. In contrast, the Gulf of Suez contains multiple Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic carbonate and shale source rocks and sandstone and carbonate reservoir rocks, with the later units are sealed by Mesozoic (Upper Cretaceous) shales and Cenozoic (Paleocene, Lower and Upper Miocene) shale and evaporite deposits. The Nile Delta contains Cenozoic (Upper Miocene and Upper Pliocene) sandstone reservoirs, which are charged from the Cenozoic (Lower-Middle Miocene and Pliocene) shale source rocks. The petroleum traps vary between Late Cretaceous structural traps in the North Western Desert to younger Miocene syn-rift and Pliocene post-rift structural traps in the Gulf of Suez, and to much younger Pliocene and post-Pliocene combined structural-stratigraphic traps in the Nile Delta and the Eastern Mediterranean Exclusive Economic Zone of Egypt. The Libyan petroleum systems in Sirte Basin are comprised of late Mesozoic (Upper Cretaceous)-early Cenozoic (Paleocene-Eocene) carbonate reservoirs, which are charged form the Upper Cretaceous shales and sealed by the Paleocene carbonates and the Eocene evaporites. The western part of Libya shares the other Maghreb countries (Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) in having multiple petroleum systems that are restricted to the Paleozoic (Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian)-Triassic reservoirs and the Paleozoic (Lower Silurian, and Middle-Upper Devonian) hot shale source rocks. The Neoproterozoic Pan-African orogeny formed lineament and fault systems in the Maghreb countries. These structures were later reactivated by the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic tectonic events and formed the structural traps and controlled the source rock maturation, petroleum expulsion, and developed the migration pathways of generated petroleum. The Uppermost Triassic-Lower Jurassic evaporites are regional sealing units of the Triassic reservoirs, while Paleozoic intraformational shales ac as sealing units for the Paleozoic secondary reservoirs. Deposition of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic thick sedimentary sequences in eastern North Africa (Egypt and Libya) and thick Paleozoic sequences in the Maghreb countries (including Libya) provided essential overburden needed to the thermal maturation of the source rocks.