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It is recommended to improve the organizational climate through increasing the effectiveness of the Building a positive work climate, where trust and participation are hallmarks, and where conflict and changes are seen as productive, can produce a dynamic and flexible organization. The aim of this study was identifying the factual organizational climate as perceived by nurses, determining the causes and effects of conflict, management strategies, positive and negative effects of conflict, and assessing the employees for the chosen strategy for conflict management. It was conducted in Assiut University Hospital using a cross-sectional design. Subjects included 195 staff nurses, 107 head nurses, and 2 assistant nursing directors, and the director of nursing services administration. Data were collected using the organizational climate questionnaire and the organizational conflict questionnaire. The results revealed that 73.4% of nurses considered organizational climate as positive. Inter-group conflict was the highest (72.8%). Almost all nurses were for confrontational resolution strategy (97.0%), while avoiding was the lowest (80.7%). Most nurses considered conflict resolution strategies effective (83.3%), and had accepting attitude towards change (83.9%). Statistically significant relations were shown between inter-group conflict and nurses’ age (p=0.002), qualification (p=0.04), experience years (p=0.006), and job position (p=0.03). Positive organizational climate was associated with higher percentage of effective resolution, p0.001. Positive statistically significant correlations were found between organizational climate and effective resolution (r= 0.64), and positive effect of conflict (r=0.47), and between positive effect of conflict and effectiveness of resolution (r=0.46). It is concluded that most studied nurses considered organizational climate as positive. Positive organizational climate was associated with higher percentage of effective resolution, and more positive communication system, reconsidering the reward system, with emphasis on recognition and support.

It is recommended to improve the organizational climate through increasing the effectiveness of the Building a positive work climate, where trust and participation are hallmarks, and where conflict and changes are seen as productive, can produce a dynamic and flexible organization. The aim of this study was identifying the factual organizational climate as perceived by nurses, determining the causes and effects of conflict, management strategies, positive and negative effects of conflict, and assessing the employees for the chosen strategy for conflict management. It was conducted in Assiut University Hospital using a cross-sectional design. Subjects included 195 staff nurses, 107 head nurses, and 2 assistant nursing directors, and the director of nursing services administration. Data were collected using the organizational climate questionnaire and the organizational conflict questionnaire. The results revealed that 73.4% of nurses considered organizational climate as positive. Inter-group conflict was the highest (72.8%). Almost all nurses were for confrontational resolution strategy (97.0%), while avoiding was the lowest (80.7%). Most nurses considered conflict resolution strategies effective (83.3%), and had accepting attitude towards change (83.9%). Statistically significant relations were shown between inter-group conflict and nurses’ age (p=0.002), qualification (p=0.04), experience years (p=0.006), and job position (p=0.03). Positive organizational climate was associated with higher percentage of effective resolution, p0.001. Positive statistically significant correlations were found between organizational climate and effective resolution (r= 0.64), and positive effect of conflict (r=0.47), and between positive effect of conflict and effectiveness of resolution (r=0.46). It is concluded that most studied nurses considered organizational climate as positive. Positive organizational climate was associated with higher percentage of effective resolution, and more positive communication system, reconsidering the reward system, with emphasis on recognition and support.

Drugs intake during pregnancy may adversely affect developing embryo or fetus. These drugs are known as teratogen. So to be safe, only drugs that are absolutely necessary should be used with permission of knowledgeable practitioner. Aim: to assess level of women's knowledge about teratogenicity of drugs used during pregnancy. Research design: a cross sectional study. Material & methods: this study was conducted in Maternal and Child Health care Centers at Minia city. The study included 300 pregnant women, an interview sheet was used by the researcher to assess socio-demographic characteristics, obstetrical characteristics, and knowledge about drug intake during pregnancy. Results: the main finding of the study were exploring that more than half of the study sample had inadequate and poor knowledge regarding drug intake during pregnancy and only 28.7% of sample had adequate knowledge especially in relation to the risk time for taking drugs. The most common reasons for taking drugs was common cold 26.9%, drugs,18.3%to relieve headache and 45.2% of sample take drugs for heartburn. in this study, it was also found that certain factors seemed to affect women's knowledge regarding drug intake during pregnancy such as illiteracy, being housewife, and young age. Conclusion: women lack essential knowledge regarding drugs intake during pregnancy. These findings indicate need to inform pregnant women about dangers of drugs use during pregnancy especially during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Physician and nurses should play a key role in communicating theses risks.

Drugs intake during pregnancy may adversely affect developing embryo or fetus. These drugs are known as teratogen. So to be safe, only drugs that are absolutely necessary should be used with permission of knowledgeable practitioner. Aim: to assess level of women's knowledge about teratogenicity of drugs used during pregnancy. Research design: a cross sectional study. Material & methods: this study was conducted in Maternal and Child Health care Centers at Minia city. The study included 300 pregnant women, an interview sheet was used by the researcher to assess socio-demographic characteristics, obstetrical characteristics, and knowledge about drug intake during pregnancy. Results: the main finding of the study were exploring that more than half of the study sample had inadequate and poor knowledge regarding drug intake during pregnancy and only 28.7% of sample had adequate knowledge especially in relation to the risk time for taking drugs. The most common reasons for taking drugs was common cold 26.9%, drugs,18.3%to relieve headache and 45.2% of sample take drugs for heartburn. in this study, it was also found that certain factors seemed to affect women's knowledge regarding drug intake during pregnancy such as illiteracy, being housewife, and young age. Conclusion: women lack essential knowledge regarding drugs intake during pregnancy. These findings indicate need to inform pregnant women about dangers of drugs use during pregnancy especially during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Physician and nurses should play a key role in communicating theses risks.

Background: Nursing students experience many stressors in their academic lives and they often eat as a way of dealing with stress. Aim of the Study: The purpose of this study was to deter-mine if there was a correlation between stress among nursing students and their patterns of eating habits in Assiut City, Egypt. Subjects and Methods: The study included 1078 female nursing students between the ages 15-22 years who were conveniently sampled. A cross-sectional survey was conducted including students of the first and the last years of graduation. The study was conducted in the period from December 2012 to May 2013. The study applied. The Compulsive Eating Scale (CES) and the Stressful Situations Questionnaire (SSQ) were used to measure each variable. Results: There was a highly significant relation between CES, stress (SSQ) and students’ age (p=0.001). The high mean score was present in age group (20-22 year) at early adulthood of development. According to class rank, there was a highly significant relation between stress (SSQ) and class rank of students (p=0.001), the higher percentage of students (86%) had high level of stress while 94.5% had poor eating scale. A highly positive correlation between uncontrollable eating habits and stress was present. Conclusions and Recommendations: This study showed consistent associations between unhealthy eating habits and exposure to stressful situations among female nursing students. Students living at parental home during university years displayed healthier nutritional habits than residing outside family home. It is necessary for students to be aware of the possible correlation between stress and uncontrollable eating habits, and alternative strategies for coping to stress should be presented to them. This suggests that during stress students need counseling services to choose course of action that involves a constructive way to deal with stress and starting to gain control in stressful situations. Also we must promote activities that keep them calm and centered, such as exercise, journaling or meditation.

Background: Nursing students experience many stressors in their academic lives and they often eat as a way of dealing with stress. Aim of the Study: The purpose of this study was to deter-mine if there was a correlation between stress among nursing students and their patterns of eating habits in Assiut City, Egypt. Subjects and Methods: The study included 1078 female nursing students between the ages 15-22 years who were conveniently sampled. A cross-sectional survey was conducted including students of the first and the last years of graduation. The study was conducted in the period from December 2012 to May 2013. The study applied. The Compulsive Eating Scale (CES) and the Stressful Situations Questionnaire (SSQ) were used to measure each variable. Results: There was a highly significant relation between CES, stress (SSQ) and students’ age (p=0.001). The high mean score was present in age group (20-22 year) at early adulthood of development. According to class rank, there was a highly significant relation between stress (SSQ) and class rank of students (p=0.001), the higher percentage of students (86%) had high level of stress while 94.5% had poor eating scale. A highly positive correlation between uncontrollable eating habits and stress was present. Conclusions and Recommendations: This study showed consistent associations between unhealthy eating habits and exposure to stressful situations among female nursing students. Students living at parental home during university years displayed healthier nutritional habits than residing outside family home. It is necessary for students to be aware of the possible correlation between stress and uncontrollable eating habits, and alternative strategies for coping to stress should be presented to them. This suggests that during stress students need counseling services to choose course of action that involves a constructive way to deal with stress and starting to gain control in stressful situations. Also we must promote activities that keep them calm and centered, such as exercise, journaling or meditation.

Increase in population awareness of exclusive and prolonged breast-feeding would be of considerable potential public health benefit in Egypt. Lactation amenorrhea method is a reliable form of contraception for up to six months following childbirth. Provided that the mother's periods have not returned and she is exclusively breastfeeding with sufficient feeds and no dummy or bottle use. The aims of this study was to assess knowledge of mothers' about exclusive and prolonged beast-feeding as a method of delaying pregnancy and, planning, implementing and evaluating a counseling intervention on promoting this method. A Quiz experimental design was used in carrying out this study using pre- posttest. The study was conducted at the Rural Health Unite and at El- Moteaa village which was randomly selected. The sample was 200 mothers attended the study setting for delivery. One hundred mothers were randomly assigned to intervention group and 100 for the control group. All mothers in the two groups reported intention to breast feed their babies. Intention to exclusively breast feeding was reported by 74% of the intervention group compared to 41 of the control group. Over all there was statistical significance improvement in mothers' knowledge at the post intervention regarding method of exclusive and prolonged breast feeding and its effect on delaying pregnancy. Also, pregnancy occurs in 9 women at the intervention group compared to 30 of the control group. The intervention was effective in correcting mothers' knowledge about exclusive and prolonged breast feeding and was significantly effective in delaying pregnancy among the intervention group. It was recommended that educational and counseling session about exclusive breast feeding should be provided by nurses about positive role in delaying pregnancy in the six months postpartum

Increase in population awareness of exclusive and prolonged breast-feeding would be of considerable potential public health benefit in Egypt. Lactation amenorrhea method is a reliable form of contraception for up to six months following childbirth. Provided that the mother's periods have not returned and she is exclusively breastfeeding with sufficient feeds and no dummy or bottle use. The aims of this study was to assess knowledge of mothers' about exclusive and prolonged beast-feeding as a method of delaying pregnancy and, planning, implementing and evaluating a counseling intervention on promoting this method. A Quiz experimental design was used in carrying out this study using pre- posttest. The study was conducted at the Rural Health Unite and at El- Moteaa village which was randomly selected. The sample was 200 mothers attended the study setting for delivery. One hundred mothers were randomly assigned to intervention group and 100 for the control group. All mothers in the two groups reported intention to breast feed their babies. Intention to exclusively breast feeding was reported by 74% of the intervention group compared to 41 of the control group. Over all there was statistical significance improvement in mothers' knowledge at the post intervention regarding method of exclusive and prolonged breast feeding and its effect on delaying pregnancy. Also, pregnancy occurs in 9 women at the intervention group compared to 30 of the control group. The intervention was effective in correcting mothers' knowledge about exclusive and prolonged breast feeding and was significantly effective in delaying pregnancy among the intervention group. It was recommended that educational and counseling session about exclusive breast feeding should be provided by nurses about positive role in delaying pregnancy in the six months postpartum

Adolescents around 17 million in Egypt (2005) have different needs and require different counseling approaches and more information. Adolescence is a critical stage for risk-taking because adolescents are moving toward independence and tend to experiment and test limits. Aim of this study: was to determine the problems of female adolescents, and provide information about reproductive health. Subject and methods: Cross-sectional analytic study was conducted in nursing secondary schools and technical institutes in Assiut city in Upper Egypt with total number of 514 adolescent female students which are recruited. The data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire sheet and a physical assessment sheet. Results: The study revealed that 94.6% of the girls were circumcised, and 98.2% had their menarche. Overall, 65.5% had satisfactory knowledge, and 81.5% had positive attitude. The main sources of information were classroom whereas parents, newspapers, and magazines were less reported. There was a statistical significance difference between knowledge and had circumcision (p=0.002), also, between knowledge about reproduction and their related attitudes and beliefs (p0.001). Conclusion: unmet information needs were related to female genital mutilation, family planning, pregnancy and labor, and the preferred sources are school book, media, and parents. Recommendations: It is recommended that the unmet needs identified should be used for development of educational programs for adolescents. The role of the parents, as well as health care providers needs to be fostered through using of multimedia as television and radio